Definition

Cystitis is an infection of the bladder. The bladder is the part of the urinary tract that collects the urine from the kidneys.

Causes

The urinary tract normally contains no microorganisms. However, sometimes bacteria or yeast from the lower gastrointestinal tract or rectal area enter the urinary tract, usually through the urethra (tube that allows urine to pass out from the bladder). When bacteria or yeast cling to the urethra, they can multiply and infect the urethra. They can then travel up and infect the bladder.

Most cases of cystitis are caused by bacteria from the rectal area. In women, the rectum and urethra are fairly close to each other. This makes it relatively easy for bacteria to make their way into the urethra. Some women develop cystitis after a period of frequent sexual intercourse. This happens because bacteria enter the urethra during sex and cause infection.

Risk Factors

A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition.

• Sex: female
• Being sexually active
• Using a diaphragm for birth control
• Menopause
• Abnormalities of the urinary system, including vesicoureteral reflux or polycystic kidneys
• Paraplegia and other neurologic conditions
• Sickle-cell anemia
• History of kidney transplant
• Diabetes
• Kidney stones
• Enlarged prostate
• Weak immune system
• Bladder catheter in place, or recent instrumentation of the urinary system

Symptoms

The symptoms of cystitis vary from person to person and can range from mild to severe. They include:

• Frequent and urgent need to urinate
• Passing only small amounts of urine
• Pain in the abdomen or pelvic area, or in the low back
• Burning sensation during urination
• Leaking urine
• Increased need to get up at night to urinate
• Cloudy, bad-smelling urine
• Blood in the urine
• Low-grade fever

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam. In addition, a sample of your urine will be tested for blood, pus, and bacteria. If bacteria are present in the urine, you will likely be diagnosed with cystitis.

Children and men who develop cystitis may require additional testing. The doctor will look to see if there are structural abnormalities of the urinary system that predispose them to infection.

Treatment

Cystitis is treated with antibiotic drugs. Antibiotics will be prescribed for at least 2 to 3 days and perhaps for as long as several weeks. The length of the treatment depends on the severity of the infection and on your personal history. You will probably start to feel better after a day or two. However, it is important that you complete the entire course of medication. Otherwise, the infection is likely to return. You may have your urine checked after you finish taking the antibiotic. This is to make sure that the infection is truly gone.

If you experience recurrent infections, your doctor may prescribe stronger antibiotics or have you take them for a longer period of time. He or she may also recommend that you take low-dose antibiotics as a preventive measure, either daily or after sexual intercourse. If you still experience recurrent infections, you may be referred to a specialist.

Pyridium is a medicine that decreases pain and bladder spasms. Taking pyridium will turn your urine and sometimes your sweat an orangish color.

Prevention

You can lessen your chance of having cystitis by preventing bacteria from entering the urinary tract. Here are some steps you can take:

• Drink plenty of liquids.
• Urinate when you have the urge and do not resist it.
• After sexual intercourse, empty your bladder and then drink a full glass of water.
• Wash genitals daily.
• Take showers instead of baths.
• If you're a woman, always wipe from the front to the back after having a bowel movement.
• Avoid using douches and feminine hygiene sprays.
• Drinking cranberry juice may help prevent and relieve cystitis. read more

Definition

Bladder cancer is a disease in which cancer cells grow in the bladder. The bladder is a hollow, muscular organ that collects and holds urine until it is released from the body during urination.

Cancer occurs when cells in the body (in this case bladder cells) divide without control or order. Normally, cells divide in a regulated manner. If cells keep dividing uncontrollably when new cells are not needed, a mass of tissue forms, called a growth or tumor. The term cancer refers to malignant tumors, which can invade nearby tissues and can spread to other parts of the body. A benign tumor does not invade or spread.




Causes

The cause of bladder cancer is unknown. Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals likely plays a role. Genetic defects are also associated with bladder cancer. Virtually all bladder cancers start in the lining of the bladder, called the mucosa. Cancer may then spread to the bladder's muscular wall and to nearby tissue and lymph nodes, and ultimately to other organs if not treated.

Risk Factors

A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition.

• Smoking
• Exposure to certain workplace toxins
• Race: White
• Advanced age
• Chronic bladder irritation or inflammation, in:

• People with spinal cord injury with chronic or recurrent urinary tract infections
• People who repeatedly use indwelling bladder catheters
• Schistosomiasis (an infection caused by parasitic worms)
• Long-term use of some medications (e.g., cyclophosphamide)
• History of bladder cancer
  

Symptoms

Symptoms include:

• Blood in the urine (usually painless)
• Dysuria (painful urination)
• Frequent need to urinate, usually in small amounts
• Pelvic pain (rare)

These symptoms may also be caused by other, less serious health conditions. Anyone experiencing these symptoms should see a doctor.

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam. In addition, internal exams will include a rectal or vaginal exam. During such exams, the doctor may be able to feel an abnormality.

Tests include:

Urine Tests – to check for cancer cells.

X-rays – a test that uses radiation to take a picture of structures inside the body. In this case, a contrast material is injected into the blood. It is filtered by the kidneys, and collected in the bladder to absorb the x-rays and create images.

CT Scan – a type of x-ray that uses a computer to make pictures of the pelvis, including the bladder and surrounding structures.

Cystoscopy – examination of the bladder using a thin tube with a lighted tip that is inserted into the bladder through the urethra.

Biopsy (transurethral) – removal of a sample of bladder tissue during cystoscopy to test for cancer cells.

Treatment

Once cancer is found, staging tests are performed to find out if the cancer has spread and, if so, to what extent. Treatment depends on the stage of the cancer, and your overall health.

Treatments include:

Surgery – surgical removal of a cancerous tumor and nearby tissues, and possibly nearby lymph nodes. Surgeries to treat bladder cancer include:

• Transurethral Resection –cutting out cancer cells or destroying them with an electrical current. This can be done during a cystoscopy, if the cancer has not invaded the bladder wall.

• Cystectomy – removal of the bladder. The surgeon will create a new opening for urine to exit the body. There are two types of cystectomy:

• Partial Cystectomy – removal of part of the bladder. The bladder remains functional.
• Radical Cystectomy – removal of the entire bladder, nearby lymph nodes, and nearby organs, such as the prostate or uterus and ovaries. This is done when the cancer has spread to surrounding tissues and organs.
  

Radiation Therapy (or Radiotherapy) – the use of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may be:

• External Radiation Therapy – radiation directed at the tumor from a source outside the body
• Internal Radiation Therapy – radioactive materials placed into the body near the cancer cells
  

Chemotherapy – the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy may be given in many forms including: pill, injection, and via a catheter. The drugs enter the bloodstream and travel through the body killing mostly cancer cells, but also some healthy cells. For bladder cancer, chemotherapy is often administered directly into the bladder, called intravesicular.

Chemoradiotherapy or combined modality therapy – several scientists have shown that, in approriately selected patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer, chemotherapy along with radiation therapy is as likely to cure a patients as is radical surgery. Additionally, because the bladder is not removed, there are generally fewer sde effects and a full two-thirds of patients who get this treatment are alive with their bladder still intact four years after their treatment.

Immunotherapy – a solution is placed into the bladder that stimulates the body's immune system to fight the cancer.

Prevention

The following steps can reduce your risk of getting bladder cancer:

• If you smoke, quit.
• If you work around chemicals, minimize direct or prolonged exposure.
• If you notice a change in urination habits, call your doctor. Early diagnosis and treatment improve the chance that treatment will be successful. read more